Treaty on Open Skies, Helsinki, 24 March 1992
Provisional Application
22 October 1993
Entry into Force
01 January 2002
Party
Party
Signature
Action
Belarus
24 March 1992
Ratification - 02 November 2001
Belgium
24 March 1992
Ratification - 28 June 1995
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Accession - 21 August 2003
Bulgaria
24 March 1992
Ratification - 15 April 1994
Canada
24 March 1992
Ratification - 21 July 1992
Croatia
Accession - 02 November 2004
Czech Republic
24 March 1992
Ratification - 21 December 1992
Estonia
Accession - 24 March 2005
Finland
Accession - 12 December 2002
France
24 March 1992
Ratification - 30 July 1993
Georgia
24 March 1992
Ratification - 31 August 1998
Germany
24 March 1992
Ratification - 27 January 1994
Greece
24 March 1992
Ratification - 09 September 1993
Hungary
24 March 1992
Ratification - 11 August 1993
Iceland
24 March 1992
Ratification - 25 August 1994
Italy
24 March 1992
Ratification - 28 October 1994
Kingdom of Denmark
24 March 1992
Ratification - 12 January 1993
Latvia
Accession - 13 December 2002
Lithuania
Accession - 09 May 2005
Luxembourg
24 March 1992
Ratification - 28 June 1995
Netherlands
24 March 1992
Ratification - 28 June 1995
Norway
24 March 1992
Ratification - 14 July 1993
Poland
24 March 1992
Ratification - 17 May 1995
Portugal
24 March 1992
Ratification - 22 November 1994
Romania
24 March 1992
Ratification - 05 June 1994
Russian Federation
24 March 1992
Withdrawn - 18 December 2021
Ratification - 02 November 2001
Ratification - 02 November 2001
Slovak Republic
24 March 1992
Ratification - 21 December 1992
Slovenia
Accession - 27 July 2004
Spain
24 March 1992
Ratification - 18 November 1993
Sweden
Accession - 28 June 2002
Turkey
24 March 1992
Ratification - 30 November 1994
Ukraine
24 March 1992
Ratification - 20 April 2000
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
24 March 1992
Ratification - 08 December 1993
United States of America
24 March 1992
Withdrawn - 22 November 2020
Ratification - 03 December 1993
Ratification - 03 December 1993
Declaration, Reservation and Objection
Canada - Declaration
"The Government of Canada declares, with respect to Article XIII, Section II of the Treaty on Open Skies, that it will initially implement the required privileges and immunities to the extent permitted by Canadian law, and that it is reviewing the question of whether any legislative changes will be necessary for Canada to implement fully the required privileges and immunities."
Spain - Declaration
24 March 1992
(Translation from Spanish)
"As far as the definition of the term "territory" contained in Article II of the Treaty on Open Skies is concerned, the Kingdom of Spain reiterates its legal stand regarding the controversy with the United Kingdom over the sovereignty of the isthmus of Gibraltar."
(Original en espagnol)
“En relación con la definición del término “territorio” contenido en el artículo II del Tratado de Cielos Abiertos, el Reino de Espana reitera su posición jurídica acerca de su controversia con el Reino Unido sobre la soberanía del istmo de Gibraltar.”
Sweden - Reservation
28 June 2002
Declaration/Reservation
The Government of the Kingdom of Sweden declares that it undertakes faithfully to perform and carry out all stipulations therein contained with the reservation that the stipulations concerning taxation in Article 34 in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961, to which the Treaty refers, shall not apply to Swedish nationals or to persons who are resident in Sweden.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - Declaration
Territorial Application:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Bailiwick of Guernsey; Bailiwick of Jersey; Isle of Man; Anguilla; Bermuda; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands; St. Helena; St. Helena Dependencies; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands; United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in the island of Cyprus.
United States of America - Reservation
USA on 4 February 1994
"Statement of Interpretation
In connection with Article XII of the Treaty on Open Skies, the Government of the United States of America makes the following statement:
Article XII of the Open Skies Treaty does not modify existing international law on liability for injury or damage that may occur as a result of flights conducted under the Treaty. It does not impose liability on the observing Party to pay compensation for injury or damage to an observed Party, or to its natural or juridical persons or to their property, caused by the operation of the observation aircraft during an observation flight in the course of imple-mentation of the Open Skies Treaty, if such observation flight was conducted using an observation aircraft designated and provided by the observed party under Article VI of the Treaty.
Further, the United States will seek compensation from the observed Party in any case in which injury or damage to the United States, including but not limited to any of its flight representatives, sensor operators and inspectors, is caused by the operation of the observation aircraft during an observation flight in the course of implementation of the Open Skies Treaty and if such observation flight was conducted using an observation aircraft designated and provided by the observed Party pursuant to Article VI of the Treaty."
References
Canada Treaty Series
2002/3